GS–1 | HISTORY 1. Emperor Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar II (Suvaran Maran) Subtopic:  Early Medieval South Indian Polity Value Addition: Also known by the title Shatrubhayankar  (one who instilled fear in enemies). Belonged to the Mutharaiyar dynasty , which functioned as feudatories under the Pallavas . Reign period: 705–745 AD . Territorial control over central Tamil Nadu . Capital:  Tiruchirappalli. Known for: Stable administration Consolidation of territorial authority Cultural

GS–2 | GOVERNANCE 1. Sujalam Bharat App Subtopic:  Digital Governance in Rural Drinking Water Value Addition: Launched to strengthen rural drinking water governance  under the Jal Jeevan Mission . Developed with technical support from BISAG-N  (geo-informatics expertise). Core features: Advanced geo-referencing  of rural water assets. Continuous monitoring of water supply infrastructure. Unified digital platform integrating: Water sources Asset inventories Scheme designs Oper

GS–1 | ART & CULTURE 1. Boreendo (Sindh Folk Instrument) – UNESCO ICH Subtopic:  Intangible Cultural Heritage & Ancient Music Traditions Value Addition: Boreendo (also called Bhorindo ) is a 5,000-year-old wind instrument  from the Sindh region of Pakistan. Archaeological roots traced to Mohenjo-daro (Indus Valley Civilisation) . Material & Design: Hollow spherical structure made of clay. Sun-dried first, then kiln-fired for durability. Equipped with sound holes; newer versio

GS–1 | ART & CULTURE 1. Deepavali added to UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List Subtopic:  Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) Value Addition: Inscribed during the 20th Session of the Intergovernmental Committee , held at Red Fort, New Delhi  (first time India hosted the session). India now has 16 elements  on UNESCO’s ICH list. Celebrated on Kartik Amavasya  (Oct–Nov); five-day festival. Key components: Dhanteras  – prosperity, metal purchases Naraka Chaturdashi  – remova

GS–1 | GEOGRAPHY 1. BENIN – Coup Attempt & Country Profile Subtopic:  West African Geography + Political Context Value Addition: Location:  West Africa; area ~112,622 sq km. Borders: NE → Niger E → Nigeria W → Togo NW → Burkina Faso Coastline:  Narrow southern frontage on Bight of Benin (Gulf of Guinea) . Drainage: Niger River  drains the NE. Major internal rivers: Mono, Couffo, Ouémé . Capital:  Porto-Novo (constitutional). Largest City / Administrative Capital:  Cotonou. Po

GS–1 | GEOGRAPHY / INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1. Oman – India–Oman Strategic Consultative Group Meeting Subtopic:  West Asian Geography + Bilateral Cooperation Value Addition: Oldest independent nation in the Arab world; member of GCC . Borders: UAE (NW), Saudi Arabia (W), Yemen (SW). Seas: Arabian Sea (S/E), Gulf of Oman (N). Landforms: Rub al-Khali  (Empty Quarter desert). Hajar  & Dhofar  mountain ranges. Natural Resources:  petroleum, limestone, copper, asbestos, natural gas

1. Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) Act, 1959 – Proposed Repeal Subtopic:  Institutional Autonomy, Academic Governance, Parliamentary Oversight Value Addition: News Trigger:  1,500+ academics protested the Centre’s move to repeal the Act. Founded by P.C. Mahalanobis (1931) ; achieved statutory status via ISI Act, 1959 , recognising it as an Institution of National Importance . Placed under MoSPI ; formed backbone of India’s statistical system and planning architecture. Act

GS–1 | HISTORY 1. Chaolung Sukapha – Founder of the Ahom Kingdom Subtopic:  State Formation & Medieval Assam Value Addition: 13th-century Tai-Ahom leader; founder of the Ahom Kingdom  (ruled ~600 years). Considered the architect of “Bor Asom” (Greater Assam) . Early capital at Charaideo  — sacred burial mounds (maidams) still survive. Administrative Structure Khels/Phoids:  Territorial-cum-professional units; decentralised governance. Paik System: Every able-bodied male (16–5

GS–1 | GEOGRAPHY 1. Guinea-Bissau — Key Geographical Facts Subtopic:  Political Geography & Physical Features Value Addition: Location:  Small West African nation on the Atlantic coast. Borders: North → Senegal East & South → Guinea West → Atlantic Ocean Islands: Includes the Bijagós (Bissagos) Archipelago  — biologically rich, UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. Capital:  Bissau. Terrain: Low-lying coastal plains with estuaries, swamps, mangroves . Gradually rises into savanna  eastwa

GS–3 | ENVIRONMENT 1. Protosticta sooryaprakashi  (Kodagu Shadowdamsel) Subtopic:  New Species Discovery & Western Ghats Ecology Value Addition: Newly discovered damselfly species  from Kodagu district, Karnataka  (Western Ghats). Common name: Kodagu Shadowdamsel . Named after botanist Dr. Sooryaprakash Shenoy . Distinctive Traits: Vibrant sky-blue markings Slimmest species among its genus Blue spot on neck + blue tail-tip marking Habitat: Prefers low-light, shaded, cool fore

GS–2 | INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1. IMF Classifies India’s Exchange Rate Regime as a “Crawl-Like Arrangement” Subtopic:  Global Monetary System & Exchange Rate Governance Value Addition: IMF reclassified India’s de facto  regime based on actual currency movement , not any official declaration. Crawl-Like Arrangement: Currency moves within a narrow ±2% band  around a trend for 6+ months. Indicates RBI is moderating volatility without fixing the rate. Difference from Crawling Peg

GS-1 | ART & CULTURE 1. Arunachalesvara Temple (Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu) Subtopic:  Dravidian Architecture & Sacred Geography Value Addition: Major Shaivite temple dedicated to Arunachalesvara  (Agni Lingam). Located at the base of Arunachala Hill , one of the Pancha Bhoota Sthalams  representing fire. Antiquity mentioned in Tevaram , Tiruvilayadal Puranam , Tamil Saiva canon. Historical Development: Early Cholas (9th century CE) → structural foundation Later Cholas, Hoysa

GS-3 | SCIENCE & TECH 1. Euthanasia (Passive Euthanasia Case – Supreme Court) Subtopic:  Medical Ethics & Constitutional Rights Value Addition: Derived from Greek: eu  (good) + thanatos  (death). Euthanasia Types: Passive:  Withdrawal of life support; legally allowed in India. Active:  Intentional act to cause death; illegal in India. Consent Types:  Voluntary, Non-voluntary, Involuntary. Legal Position (India): Recognised under Common Cause vs Union of India (2018) . Part of

1. Satpura Tiger Reserve (STR) Subtopic:  Protected Areas & Landscape Ecology Value Addition: Located in Madhya Pradesh , forming one of India’s oldest forest landscapes. Includes Satpura National Park + Bori WLS + Pachmarhi Sanctuary . Lies south of the Narmada River ; part of the Central Indian Highlands . Geology:  Deccan Trap basalt, Gondwana sedimentary rocks, metamorphic outcrops. Biodiversity: Mixed deciduous forests with species overlap from Himalayan and Nilgiri regi

GS – 1 | Art & Culture 1. Postojna Cave (Slovenia) Subtopic:  Karst Topography & Cultural Heritage Value Addition: Located in western Slovenia ; a 24 km long karst cave system  formed by the Pivka River . Among Europe’s largest and oldest tourist caves — open to visitors since 1819 . Geology: Composed of limestone ; features classic karst formations — stalactites, stalagmites, curtains, and columns. Growth rate: ~1 cm per 100 years. Unique Traits: Only cave worldwide with an

GS – 3 | Environment 1. African Grey Parrot ( Psittacus erithacus ) Subtopic:  Wildlife Trafficking & Conservation Value Addition: Medium-sized African parrot, famed for its mimicking  and talking  ability — among the most intelligent birds globally. Native Range:  West & Central Africa – inhabits rainforests, woodlands, and cultivated fields. Lifespan:  50–60+ years in captivity. Physical Traits:  Mottled grey plumage, red tail, yellow eyes, black bill. Sex Dimorphism:  Fema

GS – 1 | Geography 1. Interstellar Objects Subtopic:  Astronomy & Space Phenomena Value Addition: Celestial bodies that originate outside our Solar System  and move through it without being gravitationally bound to the Sun. Examples: 1I/ʻOumuamua (2017) , 2I/Borisov (2019) , 3I/Atlas (2025). Key Traits: External Origin:  Ejected from other star systems due to collisions or slingshot effects. Hyperbolic Trajectory:  No aphelion — they pass once and exit forever. High Velocity:

GS – 3 | Economy 1. National Industrial Classification (NIC) 2025 Subtopic:  Economic Classification & Data Governance Value Addition: Released by MoSPI  marking 75 years of NSS  and World Statistics Day 2025 . India’s official standard  for classifying all economic activities — used in GDP estimation, NSSO surveys, ASI, Udyam registration, and MCA21 database. Evolution:  Introduced in 1962  → revised periodically (1970, 1987, 1998, 2004, 2008, 2025). Global Alignment:  Harmo

GS – 3 | Economy 1. National Industrial Classification (NIC) 2025 Subtopic:  Economic Classification & Data Governance Value Addition: Released by MoSPI  to mark 75 years of the NSS and World Statistics Day 2025. Serves as India’s official standard  for classifying all economic activities. Used in: National Accounts (GDP estimation) Economic Censuses Enterprise Registration (Udyam, MCA21) Statistical Surveys (NSSO, ASI) Evolution:  Introduced in 1962 ; updated periodically —

UPSC GS – 2 1. Revisiting Gender Neutrality in the POCSO Act, 2012 Subtopic:  Legal Framework for Child Protection Value Addition: Objective:  Provide comprehensive protection for children (under 18) from sexual assault, harassment, and exploitation. Key Provisions: Gender-neutral terminology—“child” and “person” used throughout. Covers penetrative/non-penetrative assault, harassment, and pornography. Mandates Special Courts  and child-friendly procedures. Overrides conflicti