UPSC GS – 1 1. Campi Flegrei Volcano Subtopic:  Physical Geography – Volcanic Landforms & Tectonics Value Addition: Located in Bay of Naples, Italy , near Mount Vesuvius . Europe’s largest active volcanic caldera  (12–15 km wide). Formed ~39,000 years ago; linked to global climatic disturbances  and Neanderthal decline . Last eruption: 1538 (Monte Nuovo formation). Classified as a supervolcano , with ongoing ground uplift, quakes, and hydrothermal activity since 2005. New AI-based geological...

1. Siddi Tribal Community Subtopic:  Tribal Heritage & Socio-Cultural Integration Value Addition: Origin:  Indo-African group descended from Bantu people of Africa; migrated via Arab, Portuguese, and British traders . Distribution:  Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana. Recognition:  Declared Scheduled Tribe (2003) ; classified as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) . Culture:  Known for Dhamal and Rasda dances , unique Afro-Indian folk traditions. Literacy Rate:  72% (above...

UPSC GS – 1 1. Willingdon Island Subtopic:  Geography & Colonial Infrastructure Value Addition: Location:  Kochi, Kerala – among India’s largest man-made islands . Origin:  Created during British rule , named after Lord Willingdon (Viceroy, 1931–36) . Connectivity:  Linked via Venduruthy Bridge ; houses Kochi Port , Naval Base , and Central Institute of Fisheries Technology . Historical Context: Govt of India Act (1935)  – introduced under Lord Willingdon. Round Table Conferences (1931–32)...